Nonetheless, Dr. Carvalho agrees with avoiding sugary drinks:
"We have a lot of recent evidence, recent studies after [Lustig's] talk. The link between soda and weight gain and obesity and other chronic diseases is quite strong."
Drink fewer sugary beverages, consume fewer calories (eat less), exercise, and drink less alcohol.
If you're getting it compounded it may be time to switch providers.
Seriously, in the first week you should feel a bit of nausea at .25mg. After 2-3 weeks you should see something, either weight loss (most) or gain (some).
Or you could be one of those who have no effect, which sucks. I'd go over your process with your provider, from storage to injection.
Not everyone gets nausia. On .25 I had zero side effects. At .5 minor sulpher burps that lasted a few days and then again down to zero side effects. In the online communities of people on GPL-1 very few people have side effects.
Why on earth would having no side effects suck? As long as its working (weight loss) then thats the ideal scenario.
glp1 doesn't increase your basal metabolic rate, it curbs your appetite. so it's still possible to ingest an excess of energy and to maintain your energy storage volume if you continue the dietary habits that got you fat in the first place -- eating slop and/or eating for the sake of eating.
even one caffeinated corn syrup slurpee that people consume like it's no big deal can be a quarter or more of your daily energy requirement. a few snacks on top of that and that leaves preciously little budget for real food.
Not really, in most cases! I read up on the per-exposure chances of actually picking up HIV a while back[1] and was shocked at how low the risk is, especially for heterosexual men (4 in 10,000 per-exposure; insertive vaginal sex with an infected partner).
Even in the highest-risk scenario (receptive anal sex) the risk is ~138/10,000 per exposure.
pregnancy would seem rare too if you only looked at the averaged per-incident chances (swings from 0% to 33%ish for about 2 days for a perfectly healthy breeding-aged couple); or if you were to compare the amount of heterosexual sexual encounters overall to the amount of pregnancies.
but that's not really how the risk should be considered.
If your risk is 138/10000 per exposure and you have sex with your partner once a week for a year, that's about a 50% chance of infection overall. (Assuming the infection risks are independent, which they might not be.)
If it's 4/10000 per exposure then that's a 2% chance of infection after a year, which for sure isn't huge but I personally would take an annual 2% risk of getting HIV quite seriously.
(Obviously the "once a week" figure is an arbitrary choice for the sake of simplicity, and I am well aware that some people have a lot more sex than that and some have a lot less.)
Not that easy unless you really try: shared IV needles and receptive anal sex without condoms (preferably repeatedly to really prepare the tissue). And you gotta find a willing donor who is not on modern HIV drugs.
Been on one for a few years now, it tempered my persistent auto-immune issues. Short term side effects are barely present for me. This stuff has made it so I don't have to be on steroids and antibiotics every other month. I did not start the medication for weight loss purposes, though have lost 10-15lbs, but I attribute that to being off steroids.
Long term? Who knows for sure. Semaglutide has been approved for 9 years. Liraglutide was 2009 and hasn't shown thyroid issues still. Exenatide has been available since 2005.
GLP-1s aren't new and haven't shown widespread negative issues beyond gastrointestinal upset, and that is typically fixed by... drinking more water. The trials in rats have pointed towards potential thyroid cancer risks but those haven't been seen in people.
There is reason to have some healthy skepticism for pharma. But I am sometimes astounded by how unshakably cynical people can be.
I suppose we all could wind up with cancer in 10 years or something hypothetically, due to some unforeseen mechanism. But here's my story.
I went from 200lb to 140lbs at 5' 9" over 3 years. I feel great. I don't need to eat 1000 calories before bed just to sleep through the night. I focus better at work. Blood pressure is back to normal. HDL is back to normal. I can run without joint pain. I feel good about myself. I feel comfortable going on dates. I'm not a near-obese shut-in loner that can't be in a caloric deficit without wrecking my sleep.
Unless there are literally fatal side effects, these drugs seem pretty miraculous.
FDA approval of the first GLP-1 agonist was in 2005 and many diabetics have been taking these drugs for close to 20 years, so we have a pretty good picture of what long term side effects are: mostly GI symptoms, and you can have problems with muscle loss and bone weakening if you lose a ton of wieght. otherwise they are well tolerated.
>They also reduce visceral and ectopic fat that accumulates around the abdomen and organs, which may help curb the inflammatory and metabolic signals that promote aging.
Interesting, I wonder if someone will do a study where they pair a GLP-1 with tesamorelin to see if there's any synergy there in terms of fat reduction and reduced aging.
If the DunedinPACE test is so accurate and cheap now, there must be hundreds of people that have a baseline and also measurements after taking GLP’s… also why do you need a double blind if you have this amazing biological ageing test?
I have never seen a user name better fit a hacker news comment.
This also perfectly sums up the whole emotional roller coaster of modern science communication.Oh that could be cool (title)... Hey this might be good work... Fuck thats depressing I will never get this time back.
They work on that group because (as the article says) they show increased aging relative to a normal group, making it easier to detect effects in a relatively short running study.
In the UK you just fill in an online form. I don't think anyone is going to come and weigh you to double check what you put in the form is true. Almost zero oversight which is a bit shocking really.
Every gram of body weight needs energy to stay alive. If you are in a caloric deficit, you will lose weight until your energy expenditure matches the caloric intake.
If you stay in "caloric deficit" forever you will actually starve by definition.
Properly defining what you mean (comparatively low caloric intake without defining it via the current weight) is actually quite tricky, as your height, body composition and physical activities are all inputs to what counts as a "normal" caloric intake.
I'm excited to see more studies done in this context, but without the HIV association. My wife has Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome and Rheumatoid Arthritis. She saw more benefits in inflammation reduction than weight reduction, especially those first two weeks she started taking it. She says her pain levels are night and day difference when on GLP-1 vs off. To me it would then make logical sense that reduced inflammation can have a measurably positive effect on aging.
Let's play spot the conflict of interest. Three of seven authors tied to a company selling biological aging tests. One consults for Merck, GSK, etc.
There seems some promise at times but I also struggle to see the recent slew of "GLP-1s cure X", where X is seemingly any ailment known to man, as much more than the next Big Pharma gold rush where the profits dwarf any eventual regulatory fines, and taxpayers and real patients are left with the costs.
I am EXTREMELY skeptical of epigenetic clocks at the moment, and have been for a few years, but at the same time it's important for these clocks to be investigated and shown to be what they are.
Even though I personally expect them to be readouts of things that don't affect healthspan much, I don't have any more evidence than those trying to work out what they are. I've been wrong before, and also most tech development does not end up living to its promises, but without the investigation we'll never know.
> Big Pharma gold rush where the profits dwarf any eventual regulatory fines
With pharma malfeasance, the penalties are actually big enough, unlike most other fields. Unless you have something particular in mind?
One thing they are spending them on is tons of new research. Lilly is spinning up massive facilities in Indiana, of all places. I know some absolutely fantastic researchers at Indiana University but I had never thought of it as a biotech hub before.
You may be right that they are in a bind wrt public opinion. But that is not a defence against any specific criticism. What is your opinion on the conflict of interest mentioned above?
How is it a conflict of interest for GLP-1 makers and the scientists who work with/for them to look for new medical value in an academic setting with willing collaborators and all the usual peer review?
It's not but there's a lot of historical evidence that those situations are more likely to produce research that looks favorible to the sponsoring company. So it means you have to be a little more careful when looking at those results.
Academic research is subject to dozens of potentially corrupting biases, named and otherwise. We still do it and get great benefit from it.
Again, what’s the evidence that this research in particular should be suspect? It looks a lot like all the other research that goes on in this space. Experimenting with biological systems & real humans is expensive, even when you’re mostly doing data collection. It needs funding!
All research from people who financially benefit from the outcome that they have reported should be suspect. Being questioned is not a punishment.
If you ask your child who enjoys video games to stop playing video games and do their homework, and they tell you they don't have any homework, you're silly (trying to use a kind word) if you don't apply far more scrutiny than if they told you that they had an enormous amount of homework that would keep them from playing video games for the next few days.
You don't need evidence to question this. That the reply is convenient is itself evidence. The reply is consistent with someone who is lying in order to play video games. It is not proof.
> Sponsorship of drug and device studies by the manufacturing company leads to more favorable efficacy results and conclusions than sponsorship by other sources. Our analyses suggest the existence of an industry bias that cannot be explained by standard 'Risk of bias' assessments.
And no! It's not unusual, nor does it mean the results are wrong. It just means there's a known bias towards results that favor the sponsor's interests that needs to be taken into account when evaluating the research. Again, that doesn't make it wrong. But it should make you cautious before thinking that a single study (in a very specific sub-population, at that) is necessarily going to generalize. It might. I hope it does! GLP-1's are awesome. But cautiously.
"Competing interests
G.A.M. serves as a research consultant for Merck, GlaxoSmithKline/ViiV,
and Gilead. M.J.C. serves as a scientific advisor for TruDiagnostic. V.D.
and R.S. are employees of TruDiagnostic. All other authors declare no
competing interests."
These are known risk factors. I've never said drug companies are bad. I literally take corporate funding for my own research. But you also don't get to stick your head in the sand and ignore the competing interests that all make the research more likely to show favorable results. Again for those in the back: These results probably _are_ correct! But do they generalize? Will they hold up on replication with a larger population? Do they matter, or is the proxy they're measuring not actually relevant for long term things in humans? Dunno. That's the thing about a _statistical likelihood of bias_ -- you have no idea exactly how to apply it to a single paper other than to say "ok, known possibility of bias, interpret accordingly."
Sponsorship of drug and device studies by the manufacturing company leads to more favorable efficacy results and conclusions than sponsorship by other sources.
This isn’t that. It’s just FUD in this context. Nobody casts aspersions about Google authors on their latest database query optimizer paper with Stanford.
Because Google doesn't have much of a financial interest in that kind of paper. Drug companies have a financial interest in studies that evaluate their drugs.
If you want a CS analogy, the google-co-authored papers about internet policy do get a lot more scrutiny. And rightfully so! That doesn't make them bad -- many of these are written by friends of mine whom I hold in great esteem -- it means we have to be aware of the potential for all of us to be influenced by the money.
The concern is the aversive mind that tries to find fault in everything which then leads to politicians creating policies which prevent or hinder medical discoveries and treatments.
This isn’t what justice is. It’s also not holding people (or orgs) to account. It’s complaints against an entity that people often don’t understand or like.
Much like the conspiracy that pharma companies are uninterested in curing diseases, the complaints aren't based on data or facts.
I'll offer cystic fibrosis as an example. Trikafta may as well be a miracle drug. And CRISPR-based gene editing and replacements are being researched that could be an outright cure, as opposed to a 90% cure.
The problem is these treatments on the bleeding edge of biological understanding are going to start out expensive.
That puts most Western governments with limited budgets in a pickle, having promised their citizens modern medicine equitably at affordable cost, tax or otherwise.
Both opinions can be true, drugmakers should still spend money on R&D, and consumers should hold academic research with significant financial ties to interested sponsors to a higher standard of scrutiny.
Criticism does not have to mean preventing work, we can be critical especially of work that we find important.
I'm inclined to agree with your point, but it seems like there's an obvious thing they could do that I think people wouldn't complain about: Reduce their prices. Of course that would just look like not getting so many billions from GLP-1 drugs, rather than like any specific action one could complain about.
(If anyone reading this feels inclined to say something like "But how would that benefit them?" -- well, if you restrict consideration to things they could do that benefit them, then it no longer seems so unreasonable if all their options look bad to the critically-minded. Maybe they should be doing things that benefit the rest of the world more and themselves less.)
Outside of the occasional spike from a real blockbuster, pharmaceutical companies are not particularly profitable. Without those temporary (patent-protected) “windfall” profits, the business model doesn’t work.
To whatever extent they couldn't afford to reduce prices while staying in business, they also couldn't afford to spend those alleged billions of dollars on basic R&D or stock buybacks.
it's low quality research. you don't need to point to perceived conflicts of interest. the drug is semaglutide, not a merck or gsk product. and semaglutide is coming of patent anyway
What would you propose instead? Who will do this research, with what funding, and why will they want to do it? And why would we trust that research more than this? Wouldn’t we scrutinize research carefully regardless of the source?
There are multiple alternative systems, as we see in other countries. But they all have tradeoffs and some really only make sense if some international entity is doing research somewhere else under a different set of rules.
No. This is what we have government for. The self-interested are the least qualified. They are simultaneously paying to market the drug (which involves exaggerating or lying about its capabilities and minimizing or hiding its drawbacks.)
This certainly seems like something a national health service (or even insurance company) should be doing in its own interest (in order to direct spending), and wouldn't have any intrinsic bias towards any particular outcome other than an accurate one. The problem is that you need a government that is not also owned by the drug company.
In the US we have an enormous amount of government health care spending that would benefit from more knowledge about the effects of these drugs. There's no reason why we should ever take the drug company's word for anything. The research was likely originally done in an academic setting, and likely largely government-funded. The only reason the drug companies get these drugs from that environment is through corruption.
> The Bayh-Dole Act made a key change in federal contracting procedures that allowed contractors the right to retain ownership of inventions made with federal funding.
That's not a common side effect, and I've been watching GLPs for years. In fact, it's more likely to cause divorces due to, you know, becoming more attractive.
If two cars are each three years old, but one has had twice as much gas consumption as the other, which would you expect to show more wear on its comppnents?
Caloric churn is putting the body's systems through their paces - at the very least for everything related to digestion. But really most of life is well described as pieces of a metabolic process.
Comparisons like this, while seeming to make sense using “common sense” rarely impart any value or scientific meaning. Maybe it works like that, maybe it doesn’t.
If as a result of less caloric consumption you’re starving your cells of needed nutrients, maybe that’s the one that degrades earlier.
This feels like the early days of medical marijuana where everything was sunshine and rainbows, and then 10 years later we realize yes, there are still drawbacks.
There is a gold rush happening where every health influencer, telehealth prescriber, and even aging services provider (as is the case with some of these study authors) is trying to push this medication for a wider audience.
Medical marijuana was different, though. The negatives were known medically before and after. The push was almost entirely political and on social media. The few places medical marijuana were medically pushed were either for highly specific applications or as a harm reduction measure: Either as an alternative for patients who demanded opioids (medical marijuana isn’t actually a viable substitute for opioids in severe high level pain, but it’s common for patients to demand to be prescribed something “stronger” for lesser conditions and there was a real problem with opioid over prescription at the time) or from the sector of medicine that sees that patients are seeking out drugs anyway and thought this was a better way to control and monitor it. The way it worked out in practice became a laughable loophole where anyone who wants a card can pay $100 for a meeting with a prescriber who will give leading questions until you say the right things to get the card, which wasn’t even what the original medical marijuana proposals were about.
In the medical and research world, there was never an illusion that marijuana was actually entirely harmless and without drawbacks, except for fringe papers and a few politically motivated researchers.
yes a weight loss drug for a country that is over 70% overweight is absolutely the same as a psychoactive drug with well-understood cognitive side effects and abuse risk, a perfect analogy
I'm always confused with these type of posts because I feel the scientists must know something I don't. Why is it always does GLP-1 help with [general health thing]?
If I understand it correctly, GLP-1 drugs help people with weight loss. People are more healthy when they're not overweight, and GLP-1s help people get down to a healthier weight. So when we ask questions about do GLP-1s help this or that, isn't there a giant confounding variable here? That being overweight causes a litany of health issues has been common knowledge forever now. Thus, my (uninformed, intuitive) guess would just be that GLP-1s, which cause weight loss, also include the subsequent effects of healthy weight loss.
So why are we surprised then that people going from overweight to a healthy weight slows aging, or betters cardiovascular health as I've seen elsewhere? Aren't these already well-studied effects of healthy weight loss? Shouldn't these positive effects obviously just be attributed to weight loss, rather than the thing that causes the weight loss? And why are there articles about this stuff acting like this is unexpected?
I admit I'm a laymen and I hope don't sound too snide or critical here. I'm just kind of puzzled by this out of genuine curiosity.
GLP-1 probably reduces systemic inflammation, with far-reaching consequences. That is a much bigger effect than just losing weight, though weight loss contributes to that.
Then there are the mental effects, such as people reporting that they lost various addictive habits (gambling, compulsive shopping etc.)
I get that science has to be thorough, but how is it at all worth writing about that losing weight makes your risk of heart attacks lower? That GLP-1s are involved suddenly makes this news?
Again, not trying to be snide. I'm on the side of science here, but there's gotta be something the scientists are looking at that I'm not.
It is my impression that the topic is being constantly rehashed precisely because the effects of GLP-1s are observed to be significantly more pronounced than what can be attributed to the weight loss alone.
There is another plausible causal mechanism: weight gain flowing from hunger/metabolic dysregulation. This dysregulation being caused by some "factor X" which also causes other problems.
GLP-1 then addresses factor X, and the problems it causes, including weight gain.
Not that obesity doesn't independently cause problems but very plausible causality runs more than one way.
>“GLP-1 receptor agonists are being shown to benefit many chronic diseases over and above their effect on weight,” John Deanfield, FRCP, FESC, professor of cardiology at the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences at University College London, told Medical News Today. “These include liver diseaseTrusted Source, kidney diseaseTrusted Source, diabetes, and neurological diseasesTrusted Source such as Parkinson’s diseaseTrusted Source. They should therefore not be labeled merely as ‘weight loss’ drugs, but as drugs that can have a direct effect to improve patients’ health.”
>Building off this research, Deanfield is the lead author of a new study recently published in the journal The LancetTrusted Source that provides further evidence of semaglutide and lowered major cardiac event risk, regardless of how much weight a person loses while taking the GLP-1 medication.
>“Semaglutide has previously been shown in the SELECT trial to significantly reduce major adverse cardiovascular events in overweight/obese patients with known heart disease but without diabetes,” Chen explained. “This study analyzed the information from the SELECT study, and found that this benefit to cardiovascular health did not depend on how overweight patients were or how much weight they lost.”
>“This interesting finding suggests that the cardiovascular benefits of semaglutide act through a biochemical mechanism not dependent simply on changing the body weight of an individual,” he continued. “This may open up other avenues of research and therapies that could improve heart health.”
As another person commented, we currently believe the primary mechanism behind the pleitropic effects of GLP-1's to be a reduction in systemic inflammation and direct improvements in vascular/endothelial function.
The best paper I've seen on this was the recently published and very aptly named:
"Pleiotropic effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists — a narrative review of extra-metabolic outcomes in adults" (2026)
There’s a feedback loop with inflammation and fat. We’ve been telling people for decades to break the cycle by losing weight, but we also have studies that say you can only sustain about 7.5% weight loss per year. Anything more tends to rebound.
Then GLP-1 comes along and we stop fat negativity/positivity overnight.
1. Yes, for many of the benefits of GLP-1s, it's plausible the mechanism is weight loss. But actually achieving significant weight loss with other therapies is incredibly hard, so I think GLP-1s get some credit here.
2. Hunger signalling isn't the only thing GLP-1s do, so no, we should not just assume every effect stems from weight loss alone. E.g. the blood sugar regulation that makes them very effective for diabetes is not purely about weight management.
Stress eating is also a thing, so if we’ve misunderstood a chemical pathway that we created an agonist for it can be a little of column A and a lot of column B.
We have failed blood pressure drugs that turned into boner pills. We have failed blood pressure drugs that reduce social anxiety. In the field of medicine we have a lot of people acting like we understand the body but we don’t know shit. It’s a bit like how physics was “nearly done” before relativistic and quantum physics were discovered. We still don’t know shit. And we are going to kill or fail a lot of people between now and when we can find our asses with both hands.
These studies control for such variables, confounding effects are easy to think of, but 9/10 times here on HN, the authors DID control and adjust for that confounder, the commenters just didn't read the methods.
Eh, no, the vast majority of splashy headline studies that make it to HN show some associative result where causality is not established. They can not control for all possible confounding. The money sentence from the study is "semaglutide was associated with significantly reduced epigenetic aging relative to placebo across multiple generations of epigenetic clocks."
It kinda seems like a bunch of markers moved randomly and some of them happened to move together: "In contrast, causality-enriched epigenetic clocks28 AdaptAge, CausAge, and DamAge exhibited directionally heterogeneous and statistically non-significant changes." That gets you a publication but I don't know that I'd bet money on follow-up study results.
When you see reporting like this it means there was some study that had some evidence of some effect that somewhat matches the description in the headline, but nothing more than that. How good of a study it was, how large the effect, how in alignment or not it is with a body of evidence, how reproduceable it is, how exaggerated the press release is. Are all left out and are all critical to how much anyone should care about the statement. What it definitely does not mean is "all scientists are asserting this truth in the headline"
These scientists, whose job it is to think about this really hard, why didn't they just think of the most obviously obviously thing? I'm sure they didn't!
Glp1s aren't just appetite suppressants. Two identical people doing and eating identical things -one on glp1 and one not - the one on willose more weight and have better biomarkers like insulin sensitivity
Everyone I know that are using these looks gaunt and sickly. They also complain of constant nausea and eat like a bird because eating makes them sick O_o. We’ve all seen the “glow” of people that lost weight with diet and exercise — it is not that. I’m glad they exist but worry about the side effects of long term use and medical professionals not using it as a brief intervention then steering towards lifestyle changes.
> Everyone I know that are using these looks gaunt and sickly.
This is a statistical fallacy where you're only identifying the extreme cases. The average obese person loses 14-20% of body weight. (Remember that the "obese" category is already defined as 20%+ above the high end of the "normal" range.) So the vast majority of people on these drugs just look normal, not skinny or gaunt.
> They also complain of constant nausea and eat like a bird because eating makes them sick
This is a high dose phenomenon. They can and should reduce their dose if it is preventing them from eating enough or being comfortable.
> I worry about ... medical professionals not using it as a brief intervention then steering towards lifestyle changes.
Most professionals DO steer towards lifestyle changes. They probably look gaunt and sickly because their excess skin sags and they may temporarily look older due to stretchy skin.
I think a lot of this is that being overweight makes you look fluffy and younger - being just a little "overweight" even makes you look healthier.
So people who were fat and get to a normal weight, if you've always known them as fat then they look like they've aged a decade or two in a year. People who were totally normal weight (i.e. "overweight" according to BMI, which is associated with a longer lifespan than "healthy weight") end up looking like tuberculosis Romantics because they wanted to look like movie stars (who are often on severe, unhealthy diets that they stop when they're not working.)
Losing weight quickly often loses it badly - think meth addicts. Women lose fat from their breasts and both sexes lose the fat pad around the eyes; I think these are generally stable fat stores that don't really replenish after being used, even if you gain the weight back. It's not specific to GLPs, just quick weight loss. If you'd lost more slowly your body wouldn't have resorted to taking from those places. Now, you have super-deep nasolabial folds and marionette lines.
> lost weight with diet and exercise
You lose weight through diet. You gain fitness through exercise.
dyauspitr | 5 hours ago
deadlast2 | 5 hours ago
swingboy | 5 hours ago
thangalin | 5 hours ago
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBnniua6-oM
Dr. Gil Carvalho (medical doctor, research scientist, science communicator) debunks parts of Lustig's 30-year-old claims:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdoDx9dIuNE
Nonetheless, Dr. Carvalho agrees with avoiding sugary drinks:
"We have a lot of recent evidence, recent studies after [Lustig's] talk. The link between soda and weight gain and obesity and other chronic diseases is quite strong."
Drink fewer sugary beverages, consume fewer calories (eat less), exercise, and drink less alcohol.
timcobb | 5 hours ago
dyauspitr | 5 hours ago
anukin | 4 hours ago
malfist | 4 hours ago
mannyv | 5 hours ago
Seriously, in the first week you should feel a bit of nausea at .25mg. After 2-3 weeks you should see something, either weight loss (most) or gain (some).
Or you could be one of those who have no effect, which sucks. I'd go over your process with your provider, from storage to injection.
esskay | 5 hours ago
Why on earth would having no side effects suck? As long as its working (weight loss) then thats the ideal scenario.
vlyan | 5 hours ago
even one caffeinated corn syrup slurpee that people consume like it's no big deal can be a quarter or more of your daily energy requirement. a few snacks on top of that and that leaves preciously little budget for real food.
astura | 4 hours ago
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/weight-loss-drug-h...
mschuetz | 4 hours ago
andsoitis | 5 hours ago
And if you don’t have HIV?
small_model | 5 hours ago
MyelinatedT | 5 hours ago
Even in the highest-risk scenario (receptive anal sex) the risk is ~138/10,000 per exposure.
[1] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6195215/
serf | 4 hours ago
but that's not really how the risk should be considered.
gjm11 | 3 hours ago
If your risk is 138/10000 per exposure and you have sex with your partner once a week for a year, that's about a 50% chance of infection overall. (Assuming the infection risks are independent, which they might not be.)
If it's 4/10000 per exposure then that's a 2% chance of infection after a year, which for sure isn't huge but I personally would take an annual 2% risk of getting HIV quite seriously.
(Obviously the "once a week" figure is an arbitrary choice for the sake of simplicity, and I am well aware that some people have a lot more sex than that and some have a lot less.)
geniium | 5 hours ago
peterfirefly | 3 hours ago
plutomeetsyou | 5 hours ago
akomtu | 5 hours ago
VectorLock | 5 hours ago
malfist | 4 hours ago
jimmydoe | 5 hours ago
Bluestein | 5 hours ago
timacles | 5 hours ago
Controlled by increasingly unfeeling, sociopathic masters, who grow more and more in power. And now also do not age or get sick.
The power those at the top hold far exceeds any king or emperor throughout humanities history.
Bluestein | 4 hours ago
orangecat | 4 hours ago
jimmydoe | 3 hours ago
barake | 5 hours ago
Long term? Who knows for sure. Semaglutide has been approved for 9 years. Liraglutide was 2009 and hasn't shown thyroid issues still. Exenatide has been available since 2005.
GLP-1s aren't new and haven't shown widespread negative issues beyond gastrointestinal upset, and that is typically fixed by... drinking more water. The trials in rats have pointed towards potential thyroid cancer risks but those haven't been seen in people.
nfw2 | 5 hours ago
I suppose we all could wind up with cancer in 10 years or something hypothetically, due to some unforeseen mechanism. But here's my story.
I went from 200lb to 140lbs at 5' 9" over 3 years. I feel great. I don't need to eat 1000 calories before bed just to sleep through the night. I focus better at work. Blood pressure is back to normal. HDL is back to normal. I can run without joint pain. I feel good about myself. I feel comfortable going on dates. I'm not a near-obese shut-in loner that can't be in a caloric deficit without wrecking my sleep.
Unless there are literally fatal side effects, these drugs seem pretty miraculous.
astura | 4 hours ago
Extremely unlikely, GLP-1 receptor agonists have been on the market for more than 20 years now, exenatide being first used in 2005.
achandra03 | 5 hours ago
efficax | 5 hours ago
RobotToaster | 4 hours ago
GenerWork | 5 hours ago
Interesting, I wonder if someone will do a study where they pair a GLP-1 with tesamorelin to see if there's any synergy there in terms of fat reduction and reduced aging.
bethekidyouwant | 5 hours ago
mitxela | 5 hours ago
bethekidyouwant | 31 minutes ago
mitxela | 11 minutes ago
howunfortunate | 5 hours ago
:)
> data from a...clinical trial of 108 adults with HIV associated lipohypertrophy
:(
zer00eyz | 5 hours ago
I have never seen a user name better fit a hacker news comment.
This also perfectly sums up the whole emotional roller coaster of modern science communication.Oh that could be cool (title)... Hey this might be good work... Fuck thats depressing I will never get this time back.
epistasis | 5 hours ago
arecsu | 5 hours ago
epistasis | 5 hours ago
https://phdcomics.com/comics/archive.php?comicid=1174
howunfortunate | 4 hours ago
sdenton4 | 4 hours ago
ck2 | 5 hours ago
not like we can take GLP-1 even if it was affordable
btw soluble fiber helps people naturally secrete more GLP-1 but of course not on the same level as a dedicated drug
maerF0x0 | 5 hours ago
barake | 5 hours ago
WalterGR | 5 hours ago
mattlondon | 4 hours ago
astura | 4 hours ago
ck2 | 4 hours ago
may I ask for how long now? are you athletic? have you experienced any muscle loss?
froobius | 5 hours ago
maerF0x0 | 5 hours ago
yayachiken | 4 hours ago
Every gram of body weight needs energy to stay alive. If you are in a caloric deficit, you will lose weight until your energy expenditure matches the caloric intake. If you stay in "caloric deficit" forever you will actually starve by definition.
Properly defining what you mean (comparatively low caloric intake without defining it via the current weight) is actually quite tricky, as your height, body composition and physical activities are all inputs to what counts as a "normal" caloric intake.
thijson | 4 hours ago
AmazingEveryDay | 4 hours ago
RobotToaster | 4 hours ago
233mhz | 4 hours ago
flexagoon | 4 hours ago
inglor_cz | 4 hours ago
Guess what we all here are doing. Using the magic keyboard.
shermantanktop | 4 hours ago
inglor_cz | 4 hours ago
y-c-o-m-b | 5 hours ago
watercolorblind | 5 hours ago
https://www.ehlers-danlos.com/effective-doses-of-low-dose-na...
shermantanktop | 4 hours ago
elcritch | 3 hours ago
majkinetor | 4 hours ago
peterfirefly | 3 hours ago
Murfalo | 5 hours ago
There seems some promise at times but I also struggle to see the recent slew of "GLP-1s cure X", where X is seemingly any ailment known to man, as much more than the next Big Pharma gold rush where the profits dwarf any eventual regulatory fines, and taxpayers and real patients are left with the costs.
epistasis | 5 hours ago
Even though I personally expect them to be readouts of things that don't affect healthspan much, I don't have any more evidence than those trying to work out what they are. I've been wrong before, and also most tech development does not end up living to its promises, but without the investigation we'll never know.
> Big Pharma gold rush where the profits dwarf any eventual regulatory fines
With pharma malfeasance, the penalties are actually big enough, unlike most other fields. Unless you have something particular in mind?
caaqil | 5 hours ago
I hear that word and I immediately think of "that" guy that runs the cocktails of additive interventions to "improve" it.
SV_BubbleTime | 5 hours ago
twoodfin | 5 hours ago
- Marketing, to learn what / whom / how to sell: “They spend more on TV ads than R&D!”
- Basic R&D: “Look at all the conflicts of interest in this academic research!”
- Commercial R&D: “They’re just looking for ways to extend the patent lifetime of drugs that only exist because of government-funded basic R&D!”
- Back to the shareholders (mostly pensions and retirement accounts): “Billions of stock buybacks for Wall Street!”
What should the pharmaceutical companies with billions coming in from GLP-1’s be spending their money on?
epistasis | 5 hours ago
epmaybe | 5 hours ago
retsibsi | 5 hours ago
twoodfin | 4 hours ago
dgacmu | 4 hours ago
twoodfin | 4 hours ago
turtlesdown11 | 4 hours ago
twoodfin | 4 hours ago
Again, what’s the evidence that this research in particular should be suspect? It looks a lot like all the other research that goes on in this space. Experimenting with biological systems & real humans is expensive, even when you’re mostly doing data collection. It needs funding!
pessimizer | 2 hours ago
If you ask your child who enjoys video games to stop playing video games and do their homework, and they tell you they don't have any homework, you're silly (trying to use a kind word) if you don't apply far more scrutiny than if they told you that they had an enormous amount of homework that would keep them from playing video games for the next few days.
You don't need evidence to question this. That the reply is convenient is itself evidence. The reply is consistent with someone who is lying in order to play video games. It is not proof.
dgacmu | 4 hours ago
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.MR...
> Sponsorship of drug and device studies by the manufacturing company leads to more favorable efficacy results and conclusions than sponsorship by other sources. Our analyses suggest the existence of an industry bias that cannot be explained by standard 'Risk of bias' assessments.
And no! It's not unusual, nor does it mean the results are wrong. It just means there's a known bias towards results that favor the sponsor's interests that needs to be taken into account when evaluating the research. Again, that doesn't make it wrong. But it should make you cautious before thinking that a single study (in a very specific sub-population, at that) is necessarily going to generalize. It might. I hope it does! GLP-1's are awesome. But cautiously.
twoodfin | 4 hours ago
But ok, sure, drug companies bad. Man hn is really turning into Reddit these days.
dgacmu | 4 hours ago
"Competing interests G.A.M. serves as a research consultant for Merck, GlaxoSmithKline/ViiV, and Gilead. M.J.C. serves as a scientific advisor for TruDiagnostic. V.D. and R.S. are employees of TruDiagnostic. All other authors declare no competing interests."
These are known risk factors. I've never said drug companies are bad. I literally take corporate funding for my own research. But you also don't get to stick your head in the sand and ignore the competing interests that all make the research more likely to show favorable results. Again for those in the back: These results probably _are_ correct! But do they generalize? Will they hold up on replication with a larger population? Do they matter, or is the proxy they're measuring not actually relevant for long term things in humans? Dunno. That's the thing about a _statistical likelihood of bias_ -- you have no idea exactly how to apply it to a single paper other than to say "ok, known possibility of bias, interpret accordingly."
twoodfin | 2 hours ago
Sponsorship of drug and device studies by the manufacturing company leads to more favorable efficacy results and conclusions than sponsorship by other sources.
This isn’t that. It’s just FUD in this context. Nobody casts aspersions about Google authors on their latest database query optimizer paper with Stanford.
dgacmu | 2 hours ago
If you want a CS analogy, the google-co-authored papers about internet policy do get a lot more scrutiny. And rightfully so! That doesn't make them bad -- many of these are written by friends of mine whom I hold in great esteem -- it means we have to be aware of the potential for all of us to be influenced by the money.
anothermathbozo | 4 hours ago
phyzix5761 | 4 hours ago
bberenberg | 4 hours ago
ivl | 4 hours ago
I'll offer cystic fibrosis as an example. Trikafta may as well be a miracle drug. And CRISPR-based gene editing and replacements are being researched that could be an outright cure, as opposed to a 90% cure.
twoodfin | 4 hours ago
That puts most Western governments with limited budgets in a pickle, having promised their citizens modern medicine equitably at affordable cost, tax or otherwise.
dard12 | 4 hours ago
Criticism does not have to mean preventing work, we can be critical especially of work that we find important.
gjm11 | 3 hours ago
(If anyone reading this feels inclined to say something like "But how would that benefit them?" -- well, if you restrict consideration to things they could do that benefit them, then it no longer seems so unreasonable if all their options look bad to the critically-minded. Maybe they should be doing things that benefit the rest of the world more and themselves less.)
twoodfin | 2 hours ago
gjm11 | 57 minutes ago
tptacek | 4 hours ago
dockien | 4 hours ago
shermantanktop | 4 hours ago
What would you propose instead? Who will do this research, with what funding, and why will they want to do it? And why would we trust that research more than this? Wouldn’t we scrutinize research carefully regardless of the source?
There are multiple alternative systems, as we see in other countries. But they all have tradeoffs and some really only make sense if some international entity is doing research somewhere else under a different set of rules.
pessimizer | an hour ago
This certainly seems like something a national health service (or even insurance company) should be doing in its own interest (in order to direct spending), and wouldn't have any intrinsic bias towards any particular outcome other than an accurate one. The problem is that you need a government that is not also owned by the drug company.
In the US we have an enormous amount of government health care spending that would benefit from more knowledge about the effects of these drugs. There's no reason why we should ever take the drug company's word for anything. The research was likely originally done in an academic setting, and likely largely government-funded. The only reason the drug companies get these drugs from that environment is through corruption.
> The Bayh-Dole Act made a key change in federal contracting procedures that allowed contractors the right to retain ownership of inventions made with federal funding.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayh%E2%80%93Dole_Act
nhangen | 5 hours ago
mannyv | 5 hours ago
esskay | 5 hours ago
mitxela | 5 hours ago
NiloCK | 5 hours ago
Caloric churn is putting the body's systems through their paces - at the very least for everything related to digestion. But really most of life is well described as pieces of a metabolic process.
m3rc | 5 hours ago
echelon | 5 hours ago
But burning that fuel is damaging.
dozerly | 5 hours ago
If as a result of less caloric consumption you’re starving your cells of needed nutrients, maybe that’s the one that degrades earlier.
dimes | 5 hours ago
cabarltos | 5 hours ago
Aurornis | 5 hours ago
Medical marijuana was different, though. The negatives were known medically before and after. The push was almost entirely political and on social media. The few places medical marijuana were medically pushed were either for highly specific applications or as a harm reduction measure: Either as an alternative for patients who demanded opioids (medical marijuana isn’t actually a viable substitute for opioids in severe high level pain, but it’s common for patients to demand to be prescribed something “stronger” for lesser conditions and there was a real problem with opioid over prescription at the time) or from the sector of medicine that sees that patients are seeking out drugs anyway and thought this was a better way to control and monitor it. The way it worked out in practice became a laughable loophole where anyone who wants a card can pay $100 for a meeting with a prescriber who will give leading questions until you say the right things to get the card, which wasn’t even what the original medical marijuana proposals were about.
In the medical and research world, there was never an illusion that marijuana was actually entirely harmless and without drawbacks, except for fringe papers and a few politically motivated researchers.
nfw2 | 4 hours ago
loeg | 3 hours ago
guntribam | 5 hours ago
rvz | 5 hours ago
How much are the pharma companies paying people to project this nonsense to trick people to take these drugs to make money out of it?
This is the new grift.
manlymuppet | 4 hours ago
If I understand it correctly, GLP-1 drugs help people with weight loss. People are more healthy when they're not overweight, and GLP-1s help people get down to a healthier weight. So when we ask questions about do GLP-1s help this or that, isn't there a giant confounding variable here? That being overweight causes a litany of health issues has been common knowledge forever now. Thus, my (uninformed, intuitive) guess would just be that GLP-1s, which cause weight loss, also include the subsequent effects of healthy weight loss.
So why are we surprised then that people going from overweight to a healthy weight slows aging, or betters cardiovascular health as I've seen elsewhere? Aren't these already well-studied effects of healthy weight loss? Shouldn't these positive effects obviously just be attributed to weight loss, rather than the thing that causes the weight loss? And why are there articles about this stuff acting like this is unexpected?
I admit I'm a laymen and I hope don't sound too snide or critical here. I'm just kind of puzzled by this out of genuine curiosity.
inglor_cz | 4 hours ago
Then there are the mental effects, such as people reporting that they lost various addictive habits (gambling, compulsive shopping etc.)
manlymuppet | 4 hours ago
https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/weight-loss-drug...
I get that science has to be thorough, but how is it at all worth writing about that losing weight makes your risk of heart attacks lower? That GLP-1s are involved suddenly makes this news?
Again, not trying to be snide. I'm on the side of science here, but there's gotta be something the scientists are looking at that I'm not.
inglor_cz | 4 hours ago
manlymuppet | 3 hours ago
"GLP-1s cause an improvement in cardiovascular health"
if you said
"GLP-1s cause an improvement in cardiovascular health more than as would be expected by equivalent weight loss"
would that be more specific? Is this right?
graeme | 4 hours ago
GLP-1 then addresses factor X, and the problems it causes, including weight gain.
Not that obesity doesn't independently cause problems but very plausible causality runs more than one way.
pegasus | 4 hours ago
astura | 4 hours ago
>Building off this research, Deanfield is the lead author of a new study recently published in the journal The LancetTrusted Source that provides further evidence of semaglutide and lowered major cardiac event risk, regardless of how much weight a person loses while taking the GLP-1 medication.
>“Semaglutide has previously been shown in the SELECT trial to significantly reduce major adverse cardiovascular events in overweight/obese patients with known heart disease but without diabetes,” Chen explained. “This study analyzed the information from the SELECT study, and found that this benefit to cardiovascular health did not depend on how overweight patients were or how much weight they lost.”
>“This interesting finding suggests that the cardiovascular benefits of semaglutide act through a biochemical mechanism not dependent simply on changing the body weight of an individual,” he continued. “This may open up other avenues of research and therapies that could improve heart health.”
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/weight-loss-drug-h...
gavinray | 4 hours ago
The best paper I've seen on this was the recently published and very aptly named:
"Pleiotropic effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists — a narrative review of extra-metabolic outcomes in adults" (2026)
https://journals.viamedica.pl/medical_research_journal/artic...
card_zero | 3 hours ago
maxnevermind | 2 hours ago
hinkley | 2 hours ago
Then GLP-1 comes along and we stop fat negativity/positivity overnight.
loeg | 3 hours ago
2. Hunger signalling isn't the only thing GLP-1s do, so no, we should not just assume every effect stems from weight loss alone. E.g. the blood sugar regulation that makes them very effective for diabetes is not purely about weight management.
hinkley | 2 hours ago
We have failed blood pressure drugs that turned into boner pills. We have failed blood pressure drugs that reduce social anxiety. In the field of medicine we have a lot of people acting like we understand the body but we don’t know shit. It’s a bit like how physics was “nearly done” before relativistic and quantum physics were discovered. We still don’t know shit. And we are going to kill or fail a lot of people between now and when we can find our asses with both hands.
WhompingWindows | 3 hours ago
loeg | 3 hours ago
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-026-72861-3
It kinda seems like a bunch of markers moved randomly and some of them happened to move together: "In contrast, causality-enriched epigenetic clocks28 AdaptAge, CausAge, and DamAge exhibited directionally heterogeneous and statistically non-significant changes." That gets you a publication but I don't know that I'd bet money on follow-up study results.
PeterStuer | 2 hours ago
tracerbulletx | 3 hours ago
pepperoni_pizza | 3 hours ago
These scientists, whose job it is to think about this really hard, why didn't they just think of the most obviously obviously thing? I'm sure they didn't!
...
Dude. Come on.
card_zero | 3 hours ago
manlymuppet | 3 hours ago
I even asked, explicitly, “what do the scientists know that I don’t?”
I asked despite the question sounding dumb, because that’s what you do when you genuinely want to know more!
IncreasePosts | 56 minutes ago
jonplackett | 4 hours ago
CompoundEyes | 3 hours ago
loeg | 3 hours ago
This is a statistical fallacy where you're only identifying the extreme cases. The average obese person loses 14-20% of body weight. (Remember that the "obese" category is already defined as 20%+ above the high end of the "normal" range.) So the vast majority of people on these drugs just look normal, not skinny or gaunt.
> They also complain of constant nausea and eat like a bird because eating makes them sick
This is a high dose phenomenon. They can and should reduce their dose if it is preventing them from eating enough or being comfortable.
> I worry about ... medical professionals not using it as a brief intervention then steering towards lifestyle changes.
They absolutely do, of course.
WhompingWindows | 3 hours ago
pyronite | 3 hours ago
This is why anecdotal evidence is pretty bad.
pessimizer | 2 hours ago
So people who were fat and get to a normal weight, if you've always known them as fat then they look like they've aged a decade or two in a year. People who were totally normal weight (i.e. "overweight" according to BMI, which is associated with a longer lifespan than "healthy weight") end up looking like tuberculosis Romantics because they wanted to look like movie stars (who are often on severe, unhealthy diets that they stop when they're not working.)
Losing weight quickly often loses it badly - think meth addicts. Women lose fat from their breasts and both sexes lose the fat pad around the eyes; I think these are generally stable fat stores that don't really replenish after being used, even if you gain the weight back. It's not specific to GLPs, just quick weight loss. If you'd lost more slowly your body wouldn't have resorted to taking from those places. Now, you have super-deep nasolabial folds and marionette lines.
> lost weight with diet and exercise
You lose weight through diet. You gain fitness through exercise.
baristaGeek | 3 hours ago
This is one of the most interesting ideas in medicine right now